PSYCHO ANALYTICAL THEORY
Levels of the Psyche:
Jung, like Freud, based his personality theory on the assumption that the mind, or
psyche, has both a conscious and an unconscious level.The most important portion of the unconscious springs not from personal experiences of the individual but from the distant past of human existence, a concept Jung called the collective unconscious.
Conscious:
Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego.
Ego is not the core of personality but it is the center of consciousness.Ego not complete just through consciousness, unconsciousness also with it.
Types of unconscious:
There are two types of consciousness
Personal unconsciousness
Collective unconsciousness
Personal unconsciousness:
The personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or perceived experiences of one particular individual. It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our consciousness.
Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes. A complex is an emotionally toned ideas.
Collective unconsciousness:
Universally unconscious everyone share their ideas with one another. The collective unconscious have some ansesters past in entire species and through that unconscious move from generations to generations.e.g Mother complex (Kindness, loving, caring). These are common words for mother in overall world and personal conscious also find in it.eg hatred developed with mother due to some reasons.
Contents of Collective Unconscious:
The contents of the collective unconscious do not lie dormant but are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions. The collective unconscious is responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs.eg
Image of mother in our mind is always respectful
Collective unconscious is not inherited ideas but it is the method how we react in different situatin.eg
Newly born baby unexpectedly show love through his mother.
When sudden behavior occur we use response type to show our reaction.
When typical situation produce then inherited tendency also produce and if typical situation increase then inherited tendency also increased e.g.
If someone abuse then definitely anger produce. Its impossible a person abuse on us and we don’t show anger. Sometimes people don’t show anger but they definitely feel
Archetypes
Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. Basically it is related to our past. They are similar to complexes in that they are emotionally toned collections of associated images. But whereas complexes are individualized components of the personal unconscious, archetypes are generalized and derive from the contents of the collective unconscious.
Archetypes should also be distinguished from instincts. Instinct is an unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the archetype as the psychic counterpart to an instinct. Both are unconscious and influence personality. Archetypes have a biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of humans’ early ancestors. The archetype cannot be directly represented, but when activated, it expresses itself through several modes, primarily dreams, fantasies, and delusions.
Proper conceptual archetypes:
Persona
Shadow
Animus
Great mother
Old wise man
Hero
SelfIf middle-aged people retain the social and moral values of their early life, they become rigid and fanatical in trying to hold on to their physical attractiveness and agility.
People who have lived youth by neither childish nor middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to middle life and to live fully during that stage.
Old Age
As the evening of life approaches, people experience a diminution of consciousness. If people fear life during the early years, then they will almost certainly fear death during the later of once. Jung believed that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.
Most of Jung’s patients were middle aged or older, and suffered from a backward orientation, clinging desperately to goals and lifestyles of the past and going through the motions of life aimlessly. Jung treated these people by helping them establish new goals and find meaning in living by first finding meaning in death. He accomplished this treatment through dream interpretation.
Self-Realization
Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or individuation, is the process of becoming an individual or whole person. Analytical psychology is essentially a psychology of opposites, and self-realization is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogeneous individual. This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person has all psychological components functioning in unity.
Self-realization is rare. The self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to become the core of personality. The self realized person is dominated neither by unconscious processes nor by the conscious ego but achieves a balance between all aspects of personality.
Self-realized people are able to contend with both their external and their internal worlds.
Self Persona:
The sight of personality that peoples show to other peoples is known as persona. We do those works and perform those type of actions that peoples like. It is basically archetype necessary side of personality it is because of survive in society but don’t forget real self.eg Acters
Real self:
We know about our real sel, our weaknesses ,our strength and we easily tell about ourselves to others.
Ideal self:
The things which we represents to other persons.eg Ideal teachers
If there I some kind of difference between these two then the disorganized form will be produce. On that behalf we dislike in society.
Self realization:
We know about our self very well. Persona is universal. We must acknowledge society. What peoples saying about our self and how we are?
We always struggle for society. Society is very important for us due to this we forget real self if we balance between this then acceptable behavior we show.
Shadow
The shadow, the archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others. Shadow consist of morality. Something are objectionable in our society because they are against to our norms. Positive ideas and any thing new in society that people cannot accept easily.eg Psychology
Some positive ideas are hidden. If a person want to be healthy psychologically then he must be realized his shadow otherwise no self realization. But very few people accept their dark side of shadow.
Anima:
Humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side.To master the projections of the anima, men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their persona.
The anima originated from early men’s experiences with women—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that combined to form a generalized picture of woman. In time, this global concept became embedded in the collective unconscious of all men as the anima archetype. Anima is feminine side of men due to woman, sisters and wife. These feminine qualities exist and few people accept this. Some boys like to work with girls e.g cooking and some don’t like they feel ashamed.
Animus:
The masculine archetype in women is called the animus. Whereas the anima represents irrational moods and feelings, the animus is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. It is capable of influencing the thinking of a woman, yet it does not actually belong to her. It belongs to the collective unconscious and originates from the encounters of prehistoric women with men. In every female-male relationship, the woman runs a risk of projecting her distant ancestors’ experiences with fathers, brothers, lovers, and sons onto the unsuspecting man. In addition, of course, her personal experiences with men, buried in her personal unconscious, enter into her relationships with men.
Great Mother:
Everyone, man or woman, possesses a great mother archetype. This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings for example, spoke of the “loving and terrible
mother”. The great mother, therefore, represents two opposing forces—fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other. She is capable of producing and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment), but she may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction). For example story of cendrailla it shows both positive and negative feelings.
Old Man:
The wise old man, archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ pre existing knowledge of the mysteries of life. This archetypal meaning, however, is unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single individual. Politicians and others who speak authoritatively—but not authentically—often sound sensible and wise to others who are all too willing to be misled by their own wise old man archetypes.
The wise old man archetype is personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest.
Hero:
The hero archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons.
The origin of the hero motif goes back to earliest human history—to the dawn of consciousness. In conquering the villain, the hero is symbolically overcoming the darkness of pre human unconsciousness. The achievement of consciousness was one of our ancestors’ greatest accomplishments, and the image of the archetypal conquering hero represents victory over the forces of darkness.
Self:
Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the self. The self is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of self realization. Like the other archetypes, it possesses conscious and personal unconscious components, but it is mostly formed by collective unconscious images.
As an archetype, the self is symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the mandala, which is depicted as a circle within a square.
The self includes both personal and collective unconscious images and thus should not be confused with the ego, which represents consciousness only. Consciousness (the ego) is represented by the outer circle and is only a small part; the personal unconscious is depicted by the middle circle; the collective unconscious is represented by the inner circle; and all three symbolizes the self. Only four archetypes persona, shadow, animus, and anima has been idealistically depicted as being the same size. For most people the persona is more conscious than the shadow, and the shadow may be more accessible to consciousness than either the anima or the animus.
This is an idealistic circle but every person are different from one another. Realistic amount is greater then idealistic.
Divinity:
The things which are spiritual. If a man is perfect than divinity increased.eg self actualized persons. Sometimes primary needs of peoples not fulfill but but they are self actualized peoples.eg yang (good qualities) and ying (dark forces). The self includes both the conscious and unconscious mind, and it unites the opposing elements of psyche—male and female, good and evil, light and dark forces. These opposing elements are often represented by the yang and ying.
Dynamics of Personality: The dynamics of personality, we look at Jung’s ideas on causality and teleology and on Progression and regression.
progression, whereas adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression.
Progression inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions, whereas regression is a necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal. Regression activates the unconscious psyche. Alone, neither progression nor regression leads to development. Either can bring about too much healthy one-sidedness and failure in adaptation; but if they two, work together then they develop a personality.
Psychological Types:
Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out of a union of two basic attitudes—introversion and extraversion and four separate functions thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.
Attitudes:
Jung defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. He insisted that each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious.
Introversion:
According to Jung, introversion is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions. These people perceive the external world, of course, but they do so selectively and with their own subjective view.
Causality and Teleology:
Motivation spring from both causality and teneology. Causality holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences. Teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny. Jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological forces and that causal explanations must be balanced with teleological ones.
Progression and Regression:
To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to their outside environment but to their inner world as well. Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective. Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world.
Functions
Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types. The four functions sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting can be briefly defined as follows:
Sensing tells people that something exists
Thinking enables them to recognize its meaning
Feeling tells them its value or worth
Intuition allows them to know about it without knowing how they know
Thinking
Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas is called thinking.The thinking type can be either extraverted or introverted, depending on a person’s basic attitude.
Extraverted thinking:
Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these ideas have been transmitted to them from without, for example, from parents or teachers. Mathematicians and engineers make frequent use
of extraverted thinking in their work.
Introverted thinking:
Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves. Inventors and philosophers are often introverted thinking types because they react to the external world in a highly subjective and creative manner, interpreting old data in new ways.
Feeling:
Jung used the term feeling to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event. Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing, a term less likely to be confused with either sensing or intuiting. For example, when people say, “This surface feels smooth,” they are using their sensing function, and when they say, “I have a feeling that this will be my lucky day,” they are intuiting, not feeling. When feelings increase than psychological change occur due to this emotions generates.eg teach when weather is too hot.
Extraverted feelings:
people use objective data to make evaluations. They are not guided so much by their subjective opinion, but by external values and widely accepted standards of judgment. Extravert feelings occur through environment. Feelings occur from the outside of society.eg politician. They are social and talk according to environment and its not important they say true or false their sole purpose is business.
Introvert feelings:
People base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts. Feelings about our inner or our own self. The things we want and thought about those things which we want.eg art, singing.
Sensing:
The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness is called sensation. Sensing is not identical to the physical stimulus but is simply the individual’s perception of sensory impulses.
Extraverted sensing:
people perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli exist in reality. Their sensations are not greatly influenced by their subjective attitudes.eg proof reading
Introverted sensing:
People are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth. They give a subjective interpretation to objective phenomena.eg mountains
Intuiting:
Intuition involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. Like sensing, it is based on the perception of absolute elementary facts, ones that provide the raw material for thinking and feeling. Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more creative.
Extraverted intuition:
Extraverted intuitive people are oriented toward facts in the external world. An example of an extraverted intuitive type might be inventors. They may create things that fill a need few other people realized existed.
Introverted intuition:
Introverted intuitive people are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality. Introverted intuitive people, such as mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists, and religious fanatics. Actually, Jung believed that introverted intuitive people may not clearly understand their own motivations, yet they are deeply moved by them.
Development of Personality
Jung believed that personality develops through a series of stages that culminate in individuation, or self-realization.
Stages of Development
Levels of the Psyche:
psyche, has both a conscious and an unconscious level.The most important portion of the unconscious springs not from personal experiences of the individual but from the distant past of human existence, a concept Jung called the collective unconscious.
Conscious:
Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego.
Ego is not the core of personality but it is the center of consciousness.Ego not complete just through consciousness, unconsciousness also with it.
Types of unconscious:
There are two types of consciousness
Personal unconsciousness
Collective unconsciousness
The personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or perceived experiences of one particular individual. It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our consciousness.
Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes. A complex is an emotionally toned ideas.
Collective unconsciousness:
Universally unconscious everyone share their ideas with one another. The collective unconscious have some ansesters past in entire species and through that unconscious move from generations to generations.e.g Mother complex (Kindness, loving, caring). These are common words for mother in overall world and personal conscious also find in it.eg hatred developed with mother due to some reasons.
Contents of Collective Unconscious:
Image of mother in our mind is always respectful
Collective unconscious is not inherited ideas but it is the method how we react in different situatin.eg
Newly born baby unexpectedly show love through his mother.
When sudden behavior occur we use response type to show our reaction.
When typical situation produce then inherited tendency also produce and if typical situation increase then inherited tendency also increased e.g.
If someone abuse then definitely anger produce. Its impossible a person abuse on us and we don’t show anger. Sometimes people don’t show anger but they definitely feel
Archetypes
Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. Basically it is related to our past. They are similar to complexes in that they are emotionally toned collections of associated images. But whereas complexes are individualized components of the personal unconscious, archetypes are generalized and derive from the contents of the collective unconscious.
Archetypes should also be distinguished from instincts. Instinct is an unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the archetype as the psychic counterpart to an instinct. Both are unconscious and influence personality. Archetypes have a biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of humans’ early ancestors. The archetype cannot be directly represented, but when activated, it expresses itself through several modes, primarily dreams, fantasies, and delusions.
Proper conceptual archetypes:
Persona
Shadow
Animus
Great mother
Old wise man
Hero
SelfIf middle-aged people retain the social and moral values of their early life, they become rigid and fanatical in trying to hold on to their physical attractiveness and agility.
People who have lived youth by neither childish nor middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to middle life and to live fully during that stage.
Old Age
As the evening of life approaches, people experience a diminution of consciousness. If people fear life during the early years, then they will almost certainly fear death during the later of once. Jung believed that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.
Most of Jung’s patients were middle aged or older, and suffered from a backward orientation, clinging desperately to goals and lifestyles of the past and going through the motions of life aimlessly. Jung treated these people by helping them establish new goals and find meaning in living by first finding meaning in death. He accomplished this treatment through dream interpretation.
Self-Realization
Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or individuation, is the process of becoming an individual or whole person. Analytical psychology is essentially a psychology of opposites, and self-realization is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogeneous individual. This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person has all psychological components functioning in unity.
Self-realization is rare. The self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to become the core of personality. The self realized person is dominated neither by unconscious processes nor by the conscious ego but achieves a balance between all aspects of personality.
Self-realized people are able to contend with both their external and their internal worlds.
Self Persona:
The sight of personality that peoples show to other peoples is known as persona. We do those works and perform those type of actions that peoples like. It is basically archetype necessary side of personality it is because of survive in society but don’t forget real self.eg Acters
Real self:
We know about our real sel, our weaknesses ,our strength and we easily tell about ourselves to others.
Ideal self:
The things which we represents to other persons.eg Ideal teachers
If there I some kind of difference between these two then the disorganized form will be produce. On that behalf we dislike in society.
Self realization:
We know about our self very well. Persona is universal. We must acknowledge society. What peoples saying about our self and how we are?
We always struggle for society. Society is very important for us due to this we forget real self if we balance between this then acceptable behavior we show.
Shadow
Some positive ideas are hidden. If a person want to be healthy psychologically then he must be realized his shadow otherwise no self realization. But very few people accept their dark side of shadow.
Anima:
Humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side.To master the projections of the anima, men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their persona.
The anima originated from early men’s experiences with women—mothers, sisters, and lovers—that combined to form a generalized picture of woman. In time, this global concept became embedded in the collective unconscious of all men as the anima archetype. Anima is feminine side of men due to woman, sisters and wife. These feminine qualities exist and few people accept this. Some boys like to work with girls e.g cooking and some don’t like they feel ashamed.
Animus:
The masculine archetype in women is called the animus. Whereas the anima represents irrational moods and feelings, the animus is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. It is capable of influencing the thinking of a woman, yet it does not actually belong to her. It belongs to the collective unconscious and originates from the encounters of prehistoric women with men. In every female-male relationship, the woman runs a risk of projecting her distant ancestors’ experiences with fathers, brothers, lovers, and sons onto the unsuspecting man. In addition, of course, her personal experiences with men, buried in her personal unconscious, enter into her relationships with men.
Great Mother:
Everyone, man or woman, possesses a great mother archetype. This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings for example, spoke of the “loving and terrible
mother”. The great mother, therefore, represents two opposing forces—fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other. She is capable of producing and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment), but she may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction). For example story of cendrailla it shows both positive and negative feelings.
Old Man:
The wise old man, archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ pre existing knowledge of the mysteries of life. This archetypal meaning, however, is unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single individual. Politicians and others who speak authoritatively—but not authentically—often sound sensible and wise to others who are all too willing to be misled by their own wise old man archetypes.
The wise old man archetype is personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest.
Hero:
The hero archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons.
The origin of the hero motif goes back to earliest human history—to the dawn of consciousness. In conquering the villain, the hero is symbolically overcoming the darkness of pre human unconsciousness. The achievement of consciousness was one of our ancestors’ greatest accomplishments, and the image of the archetypal conquering hero represents victory over the forces of darkness.
Self:
Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the self. The self is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of self realization. Like the other archetypes, it possesses conscious and personal unconscious components, but it is mostly formed by collective unconscious images.
As an archetype, the self is symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the mandala, which is depicted as a circle within a square.
The self includes both personal and collective unconscious images and thus should not be confused with the ego, which represents consciousness only. Consciousness (the ego) is represented by the outer circle and is only a small part; the personal unconscious is depicted by the middle circle; the collective unconscious is represented by the inner circle; and all three symbolizes the self. Only four archetypes persona, shadow, animus, and anima has been idealistically depicted as being the same size. For most people the persona is more conscious than the shadow, and the shadow may be more accessible to consciousness than either the anima or the animus.
This is an idealistic circle but every person are different from one another. Realistic amount is greater then idealistic.
Divinity:
The things which are spiritual. If a man is perfect than divinity increased.eg self actualized persons. Sometimes primary needs of peoples not fulfill but but they are self actualized peoples.eg yang (good qualities) and ying (dark forces). The self includes both the conscious and unconscious mind, and it unites the opposing elements of psyche—male and female, good and evil, light and dark forces. These opposing elements are often represented by the yang and ying.
Dynamics of Personality: The dynamics of personality, we look at Jung’s ideas on causality and teleology and on Progression and regression.
progression, whereas adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression.
Progression inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions, whereas regression is a necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal. Regression activates the unconscious psyche. Alone, neither progression nor regression leads to development. Either can bring about too much healthy one-sidedness and failure in adaptation; but if they two, work together then they develop a personality.
Psychological Types:
Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out of a union of two basic attitudes—introversion and extraversion and four separate functions thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.
Attitudes:
Jung defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. He insisted that each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious.
Introversion:
According to Jung, introversion is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions. These people perceive the external world, of course, but they do so selectively and with their own subjective view.
progression, whereas adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression.
Progression inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions, whereas regression is a necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal. Regression activates the unconscious psyche. Alone, neither progression nor regression leads to development. Either can bring about too much healthy one-sidedness and failure in adaptation; but if they two, work together then they develop a personality.
Extraversion
In contrast to introversion, extraversion is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic
Motivation spring from both causality and teneology. Causality holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences. Teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny. Jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological forces and that causal explanations must be balanced with teleological ones.
Progression and Regression:
To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to their outside environment but to their inner world as well. Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective. Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world.
Functions
Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types. The four functions sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting can be briefly defined as follows:
Sensing tells people that something exists
Thinking enables them to recognize its meaning
Feeling tells them its value or worth
Intuition allows them to know about it without knowing how they know
Thinking
Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas is called thinking.The thinking type can be either extraverted or introverted, depending on a person’s basic attitude.
Extraverted thinking:
Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these ideas have been transmitted to them from without, for example, from parents or teachers. Mathematicians and engineers make frequent use
of extraverted thinking in their work.
Introverted thinking:
Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves. Inventors and philosophers are often introverted thinking types because they react to the external world in a highly subjective and creative manner, interpreting old data in new ways.
Feeling:
Jung used the term feeling to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event. Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing, a term less likely to be confused with either sensing or intuiting. For example, when people say, “This surface feels smooth,” they are using their sensing function, and when they say, “I have a feeling that this will be my lucky day,” they are intuiting, not feeling. When feelings increase than psychological change occur due to this emotions generates.eg teach when weather is too hot.
Extraverted feelings:
people use objective data to make evaluations. They are not guided so much by their subjective opinion, but by external values and widely accepted standards of judgment. Extravert feelings occur through environment. Feelings occur from the outside of society.eg politician. They are social and talk according to environment and its not important they say true or false their sole purpose is business.
Introvert feelings:
People base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts. Feelings about our inner or our own self. The things we want and thought about those things which we want.eg art, singing.
Sensing:
The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness is called sensation. Sensing is not identical to the physical stimulus but is simply the individual’s perception of sensory impulses.
Extraverted sensing:
people perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli exist in reality. Their sensations are not greatly influenced by their subjective attitudes.eg proof reading
Introverted sensing:
People are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth. They give a subjective interpretation to objective phenomena.eg mountains
Intuiting:
Intuition involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. Like sensing, it is based on the perception of absolute elementary facts, ones that provide the raw material for thinking and feeling. Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is more creative.
Extraverted intuition:
Extraverted intuitive people are oriented toward facts in the external world. An example of an extraverted intuitive type might be inventors. They may create things that fill a need few other people realized existed.
Introverted intuition:
Introverted intuitive people are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality. Introverted intuitive people, such as mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists, and religious fanatics. Actually, Jung believed that introverted intuitive people may not clearly understand their own motivations, yet they are deeply moved by them.
Development of Personality
Jung believed that personality develops through a series of stages that culminate in individuation, or self-realization.
Stages of Development
Jung grouped the stages of life into four general periods.
1: Childhood
2: Youth
3: Middle life
4: Old age
Childhood:
Jung divided childhood into three sub stages.
(1) The anarchic
(2) The monarchic
(3) The dualistic
The anarchic phase:
The anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness. Experiences of the anarchic phase sometimes enter consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being accurately verbalized.
The monarchic phase:
The monarchic phase of childhood is characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. During this time children see themselves objectively and often refer to themselves in the third person.
The dualistic phase:
The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic phase of childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective. Children now refer to themselves in the first person and are aware of their existence as separate individuals.
Youth:
The period from puberty until middle life is called youth. Young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the world. According to Jung (1931/1960a), youth is, or should be, a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone forever.
Middle Life
Jung believed that middle life begins at approximately age 35 or 40. Although this decline can present middle-aged people with increasing anxieties, middle life is also a period of tremendous potential.
If middle-aged people retain the social and moral values of their early life, they become rigid and fanatical in trying to hold on to their physical attractiveness and agility.
People who have lived youth by neither childish nor middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to middle life and to live fully during that stage.
OldPsychological Types:
Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out of a union of two basic attitudes—introversion and extraversion and four separate functions thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.
Attitudes:
Jung defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. He insisted that each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious.
Introversion:
According to Jung, introversion is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions. These people perceive the external world, of course, but they do so selectively and with their own subjective view.
OLD Age
As the evening of life approaches, people experience a diminution of consciousness. If people fear life during the early years, then they will almost certainly fear death during the later of once. Jung believed that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light.
Most of Jung’s patients were middle aged or older, and suffered from a backward orientation, clinging desperately to goals and lifestyles of the past and going through the motions of life aimlessly. Jung treated these people by helping them establish new goals and find meaning in living by first finding meaning in death. He accomplished this treatment through dream interpretation.
Self-Realization
Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or individuation, is the process of becoming an individual or whole person. Analytical psychology is essentially a psychology of opposites, and self-realization is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogeneous individual. This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person has all psychological components functioning in unity.
Self-realization is rare. The self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to become the core of personality. The self realized person is dominated neither by unconscious processes nor by the conscious ego but achieves a balance between all aspects of personality.
Self-realized people are able to contend with both their external and their internal worlds.
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