Programmed learning-characteristics-Pros & Cons

Meaning of Programmed learning
Programmed instruction is the process of arranging the material to be learned into series of sequential steps that is from known to unknown (Smith & Moore).

What is programmed learning?
Programmed learning is a research-based system which helps learners work successfully.
The method is guided by research done by a variety of applied psychologists and educators.
The learning material is in a kind of textbook or teaching machine or computer. The medium presents the material in a logical and tested sequence. The text is in small steps or larger
chunks. After each step, learners are given a question to test their comprehension. Then immediately the correct answer is shown. This means the learner at all stages makes responses,
and is given immediate knowledge of results.
Types of programmed instruction
20&marketplace=amazon®ion=US&placement=B01AG56HYQ&asins=B01AG56HYQ&linkId=04fd8fc01109e61fd08258bb5e5b41db&show_border=true&link_opens_in_new_window=false&price_color=333333&title_color=0066c0&bg_color=ffffff"> There are three types of this teaching strategy
1) Linear programming
It is being used for teaching all subjects. In programmed teaching strategy
progressive chain elements are presented. Last step is at the mastery level. It is based on five fundamental principles.
I. Small steps
II. Active responding
III. Immediate confirmation
IV. Self-pace
V. Student testing

Branched programming
It is generally used in mechanical fields.

Mathematics
Retrogressive chain of elements is presented. First step is the master level while the last step is
the simplest element.

Principles of programmed learning
1. Principles of small steps
2. Principles of Active Response
3. Principles of Immediate reinforcement
4. Principles of self-pacing
5. Principles of Self- Evaluation

Characteristics of programmed learning
1. Individualized instruction
2. Logically sequenced, small steps called frames
3. Pay due consideration to the initial or entering behaviour of the learner
4. Provision of feed-back
5. Interaction between the learner and the learning material is important
6. Self-Pacing to the learner
7. Continuous evaluation

Advantages of programmed learning
1. Reduced training time
2. Self-paced learning
3. Immediate feedback
4. Reduced risk of error for learner

Disadvantages of Programmed learning
1. It is very difficult to develop an instructional program
2. Only cognitive objectives can be achieved
3. Due to tight schedule of time table students cannot be left to learn at their own pace. It
would be very difficult to learn the content the subject matter in a limited period of time
4. There is no chance for students creativity, their responses are highly structured
5. Development of program is not economical in terms of cost and time
6. In absence of a teacher, student may spoil the disciplinary tone of the class, or they will
be helpless when any problem arises.
7. It cannot be applied at primary level of education or at higher level of education